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Lumpkin's jail
Lumpkin’s Jail, also known as “the Devil’s half acre” was a holding facility, or ''slave jail,'' located in Richmond, Virginia, just three blocks from where the capitol building sits today. It was active from the 1830s through the Civil War. Richmond was the nerve center for slave trading and boasted the largest running operation outside New Orleans. Robert Lumpkin was a notorious and prominent slave trader throughout the south, and turned Lumpkin’s Jail into the largest slave holding facility for well over twenty years.
== History ==
Robert Lumpkin purchased three lots on Wall Street in Shockoe Bottom on November 27, 1844, for roughly six thousand dollars. Although named after Lumpkin, the property had two previous owners and the holding facility had already been established by the time Lumpkin acquired the property. Even though this was already used as a holding facility for slaves, it was not used to the extreme until it came into Lumpkin’s possession. Being the largest slave trader in the Richmond at the time, he had a flair for cruelty. Those that tried to escape or ran away, were publicly beaten or tortured. Inside the jail, was what was called “the whipping room” which was used to tie up slaves by their wrists and ankles, lift them up, and stretch them out; after being chained up an overseer would then come stand over them and begin the flogging. There were four other lots on Wall Street (now 15th Street) that contained slave jails; the area was collectively referred to as Lumpkin’s Alley.
The two-story brick slave jail was approximately forty feet long.〔 This two-story house was used as the main house with four separate plots surrounding the alley for more storage space. The main floor of the house, the second floor, was used to entertain guests and housing quarters for Lumpkin and those coming to Richmond to barter for slaves. On the bottom floor was the main jail area, which typically held slaves that were next or fit to be sold.〔 It temporarily housed men, women, and children until they were auctioned off to plantation owners. The jail was situated along Shockoe Creek and featured “barred windows, high fences, chained gates opening to the rutted streets, and all seen and smelled through a film of cooking smoke and stench of human excrement.”〔 It was said to more closely resemble a chicken coop, holding so many slaves that they were basically on top of one another. Multiple slaves would be crammed into one room or floor, with no toilets or access to the outside with the exception to their small window. Due to these conditions, many slaves died while imprisoned due to disease or starvation, if not from being beaten and tortured to death. This is a main reason the bottom is known for its mass unmarked slave graveyards. Those that died while waiting to be sold, or held, were simply dumped into an area that was available surrounding the jails.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.richmondgov.com/CommissionSlaveTrail/documents/historyLumpkinJail.pdf )〕 When the site was excavated, however, no whipping rings, iron bars or other typical artifacts associated with slavery were ever found; ceramics, glassware, clay tobacco pipes, and toys made up the vast majority of artifacts found.〔 The nearby market that sits on the canal and railroad tracks was used as the slave market. This is where slaves were groomed, fed, and dressed up to be sold at auctions on the river. Once bought, they were pushed onto a boat or train and shipped down river to their next destination.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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